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Misinformation can also often be observed as news events are unfolding and questionable or unverified information fills information gaps. Even if later retracted, false information can continue to influence actions and memory. [26] Rumors are unverified information not attributed to any particular source and may be either true or false. [27]
This makes it harder to verify specific statements and to rule out possibilities of original research, but the article cannot be presumed to be unreferenced in such circumstances. If a book is listed in the reference section, then that book is a cited source, and may be the source for any statements in the article.
The main purpose of a problem statement is to identify and explain the problem. [3] [4] Another function of the problem statement is as a communication device. [3] Before the project begins, stakeholders verify the problem and goals are accurately described in the problem statement. Once approved, the project reviews it.
A 2019 meta-analysis of research into the effects of fact-checking on misinformation found that fact-checking has substantial positive impacts on political beliefs, but that this impact weakened when fact-checkers used "truth scales", refuted only parts of a claim and when they fact-checked campaign-related statements.
Reports of a statement by someone that seems out of character or against an interest they had previously defended; Claims contradicted by the prevailing view within the relevant community or that would significantly alter mainstream assumptions—especially in science, medicine, history, politics, and biographies of living and recently dead people.
Information laundering or disinformation laundering [1] is the surfacing of news, false or otherwise, from unverified sources into the mainstream. [2] [3] [4] By advancing disinformation to make it accepted as ostensibly legitimate information, information laundering resembles money laundering—the transforming of illicit funds into ostensibly legitimate funds.
For example, a paper reviewing existing research, a review article, monograph, or textbook is often better than a primary research paper. When relying on primary sources, extreme caution is advised. Wikipedians should never interpret the content of primary sources for themselves (see Wikipedia:No original research and Wikipedia:Neutral point of ...
It is also a problem in journalism and the development of conspiracy theories, in which the primary goal of a source spreading unlikely or hard-to-believe information is to make it appear to be widely known. The case of the 2002 Niger uranium forgeries was a classic instance of circular reporting by intelligence agencies. [4]