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The ammunition may also be called semi-armor-piercing high-explosive incendiary (SAPHEI). [1] Typical of a modern HEIAP shell is the Raufoss Mk 211 [2] designed for weapons such as heavy machine guns and anti-materiel rifles. The primary purpose of these munitions is armor penetration with better beyond-armor effects. [3]
This history helps explain an important factor in Ballistics and Stab armor testing, backing stiffness affects armor penetration resistance. The energy dissipation of the armor-tissue system is Energy = Force × Displacement when testing on backings that are softer and more deformable the total impact energy is absorbed at lower force.
For penetrating substances significantly harder than jacketed lead, the lead core is supplemented with or replaced with a harder material, such as hardened steel. Military armor-piercing small arms ammunition is made from a copper-jacketed steel core; the steel resists deformation better than the usual soft lead core leading to greater penetration.
Stopping power is the ability of a weapon – typically a ranged weapon such as a firearm – to cause a target (human or animal) to be incapacitated or immobilized. Stopping power contrasts with lethality in that it pertains only to a weapon's ability to make the target cease action, regardless of whether or not death ultimately occurs.
The total penetration value may reach up to 800 millimetres (31 in). [14] Some anti-armor weapons incorporate a variant on the shaped charge concept that, depending on the source, can be called an explosively formed penetrator (EFP), self-forging fragment (SFF), self-forging projectile (SEFOP), plate charge, or Misnay Schardin (MS) charge. This ...
Improvements in powerful automotive propulsion and suspension systems following World War II allowed modern main battle tanks to incorporate progressively thicker and heavier armor, while maintaining considerable maneuverability and speed on the battlefield. As a result, achieving deep armour penetration with gun-fired ammunition required even ...
Armor penetration: 2 inches (51 millimetres). [38] of steel armor at 0-degree obliquity Inflict personnel casualties: 15 meters from impact [39] M430A1: Has a longer shaped charge than the M430 and penetrates more armor. Armor penetration: 3 inches (76 millimetres). [38]
However, their inventor Kopsch said in a 1990 interview that "adding a Teflon coating to the round added 20% penetration power on metal and glass. Critics kept complaining about Teflon's ability to penetrate body armor [...] In fact, Teflon cut down on the round's ability to cut through the nylon or Kevlar of body armor." [2]