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Kyrgyzstan introduced sukuk into its securities law in 2016, but the first sukuk (a privately placed Mudarabah sukuk) was only issued in 2023, [102] followed by a number of issues of Sukuk al-Wakalah Bi Al-Istithmar, an investment agency certificate. Kyrgyzstan’s government set a goal to make the Kyrgyz Republic an Islamic finance hub.
The market for Islamic Sukuk bonds in that year was made up of 2,354 sukuk issues, [89] and had become strong enough that several non-Muslim majority states – UK, Hong Kong, [90] and Luxemburg [91] – issued sukuk. There are multiple Shari'ah-compliant indexes, created by Shari'ah screening of companies.
There are also Islamic investment funds and sukuk (Islamic bonds) that use murabahah contracts. [4] The purpose of murabaha is to finance a purchase without involving interest payments, which most Muslims (particularly most scholars) consider riba and thus haram (forbidden). [5]
Structure of simple mudaraba contract [11]. Mudarabah is a partnership where one party provides the capital while the other provides labor and both share in the profits. [12] [13] The party providing the capital is called the rabb-ul-mal ("silent partner", "financier"), and the party providing labor is called the mudarib ("working partner").
The industry has been praised for turning a "theory" into an industry that has grown to about $2 trillion in size; [6] [7] [8] for attracting banking users whose religious objections have kept them away from conventional banking services, [9] drawing non-Muslim bankers into the field, [2] and (according to other supporters) introducing a more stable, less risky form of finance.
According to critic of Islamic finance, Mahmoud A. El-Gamal, one way the Islamic finance industry gets around prohibitions on the use of options is to use conventional banks/financers as a "buffer" between the haram income and its sharia obedient customers — employing conventional banks as partners or advisers and paying them with the haram ...
Islamic non-banking finance has grown to encompass a wide range of services, but as of 2013, banking still dominates and represented about four-fifths of total assets in Islamic finance. [ 60 ] [ 44 ] The sukuk market is also a fast-growing segment with assets equivalent to about 15 percent of the industry.
Islamic banking in Kazakhstan was started in 2007 when the Kazakh regulator promulgated the announcement to issue Islamic securities called sukuk (interest-free bonds) in the local currency . These developments were part of the Kazakh government's development plans to be financed by Islamic financial instruments.
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