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A torsion box consists of two thin layers of material (skins) on either side of a lightweight core, usually a grid of beams. It is designed to resist torsion under an applied load. A hollow core door is probably the most common example of a torsion box (stressed skin) structure. The principle is to use less material more efficiently.
The IS-4 high-performance glider followed the layout of the earlier IS-3d, constructed largely of wood with plywood and fabric skinning.The high-set cantilever wings with moderate dihedral (2º 30') were built with a single main spar with a plywood covered leading edge torsion box.
The torsion constant or torsion coefficient is a geometrical property of a bar's cross-section. It is involved in the relationship between angle of twist and applied torque along the axis of the bar, for a homogeneous linear elastic bar. The torsion constant, together with material properties and length, describes a bar's torsional stiffness.
A box girder or tubular girder (or box beam) is a girder that forms an enclosed tube with multiple walls, as opposed to an Ɪ-or H-beam. Originally constructed of wrought iron joined by riveting , they are now made of rolled or welded steel, aluminium extrusions or prestressed concrete .
The wing structure was a development of the torsion-resistant box spars used in high-performance gliders, with three spars, built out of interconnected steel tubes, forming the central torsion boxes. The wings were duralumin -skinned, riveted to the substructure with separate enclosed leading edge sections which were bolted onto the central box ...
Data from The Complete Book of Fighters General characteristics Crew: 1 Length: 7.57 m (24 ft 10 in) Wingspan: 8.74 m (28 ft 8 in) Height: 2.18 m (7 ft 2 in) Wing area: 10.97 m 2 (118.1 sq ft) Gross weight: 1,800 kg (3,968 lb) Powerplant: 1 × Hispano-Suiza 12Xcrs liquid-cooled V12 engine, 500 kW (670 hp) Performance Maximum speed: 560 km/h (350 mph, 300 kn) at 5,000 m (16,400 ft) Endurance: 1 ...
The Onager was a Roman torsion powered siege engine. It is commonly depicted as a catapult with a bowl, bucket, or sling at the end of its throwing arm. Trebuchet: 4th Century BC China: Similar to the catapult, but uses a swinging arm to launch projectiles. It is usually considered to be stronger than the catapult. [4] Oxybeles: 375 BC Greece
Marles steering gear was an hour-glass-and-roller steering gear for mechanically propelled vehicles invented by British inventor and businessman Henry Marles (1871-1955) who also gave his name to his joint-venture Ransome & Marles a major British ball-bearing manufacturer.