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Parental care is a behavioural and evolutionary strategy adopted by some animals, involving a parental investment being made to the evolutionary fitness of offspring. Patterns of parental care are widespread and highly diverse across the animal kingdom. [1]
Paternal care may be provided in concert with the mother (biparental care) or, more rarely, by the male alone (so called exclusive paternal care). The provision of care, by either males or females, is presumed to increase growth rates, quality, and/or survival of young, and hence ultimately increase the inclusive fitness of parents.
The quality of parental care was considered by Bowlby to be of vital importance to the child's development and future mental health. It was believed to be essential that the infant and young child should experience a warm, intimate, and continuous relationship with his mother (or permanent mother substitute) in which both found satisfaction and ...
This indiscriminative parental care by males is also observed in redlip blennies. [8] A cellar spider defending spiderlings. In some insects, male parental investment is given in the form of a nuptial gift. For instance, ornate moth females receive a spermatophore containing nutrients, sperm and defensive toxins from the male during copulation ...
Parental care is a form of altruism, which means that the behaviors involved often require a sacrifice that could put their own survival at risk. [1] This encompasses behaviors that aid in the evolutionary success of the offspring and parental investment , which is a measure of expenditure (time, energy, etc.) exerted by the parent in an ...
In Care.com's latest Cost of Care report, the online marketplace for caregiving services found that 90% of parents lost sleep, 80% cried (with the number rising to 90% for mothers), 85% sacrificed ...
The importance of these mechanisms are to regulate parental investment and to inform offspring about their environment, primarily those involving responsiveness and sensitivity. These are commonly mentioned in humans as important parenting characteristics that inform their infants about their environments.
According to Pew Research, 23% of all U.S. adults have at least one parent aged 65 or older while supporting either a child under 18 or an adult child financially. People in their 40s are the most ...