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Quinine is a medication used to treat malaria and babesiosis. [5] This includes the treatment of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum that is resistant to chloroquine when artesunate is not available. [5] [6] While sometimes used for nocturnal leg cramps, quinine is not recommended for this purpose due to the risk of serious side effects. [5]
In the United States, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) limits the quinine content in tonic water to 83 ppm [8] (83 mg per liter), while the daily therapeutic dose of quinine is in the range of 500–1000 mg, [9] and 10 mg/kg every eight hours for effective malaria prevention (2,100 mg daily for a 70-kilogram (150 lb) adult). [10]
The total synthesis of quinine, a naturally-occurring antimalarial drug, was developed over a 150-year period. The development of synthetic quinine is considered a milestone in organic chemistry although it has never been produced industrially as a substitute for natural occurring quinine.
Quinine remained the first-line antimalarial drug of choice until the 1940s, when other drugs replaced it. Until recently Chloroquine was the most widely used antimalarial drug. [ citation needed ] Warburg's Tincture was included in Burroughs Wellcome & Company 's tabloid medicine cases of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Quinine Cartel was a cartel regarding price and territory of producers of quinine and quinidine.There were two separate cartels with different members each time. From the first isolation of quinine as an API in the year 1792 until the year 1947 [1] it remained the only effective medicine against Malaria until Chloroquine (a comparable but synthetic API) and other drugs in adequate amounts ...
Quinine was the predominant malarial medication until the 1920s when other medications began to appear. In the 1940s, chloroquine replaced quinine as the treatment of both uncomplicated and severe malaria until resistance supervened, first in Southeast Asia and South America in the 1950s and then globally in the 1980s.
Cinchona bark was mainly important for the production of quinine, at that time just about the only effective remedy against malaria. The Kinabureau was part of a cartel of producers of cinchona bark and quinine. [2] About 90% of the cinchona bark was produced in the then Dutch East Indies, [3] mainly on the Pengalengan plateau near Bandung.
William Weightman (September 30, 1813 – August 25, 1904) was a chemical manufacturer and one of the largest landowners in the United States. [1] Nicknamed the "Quinine King," [2] he created a synthetic form of the drug. [1]