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An underbead crack, also known as a heat-affected zone (HAZ) crack, [15] forms a short distance away from the fusion line; it occurs in low alloy and high alloy steel. The exact causes of this type of crack are not entirely understood, but it is known that dissolved hydrogen must be present.
Comparing signatures quantitatively using principal component analysis allows for the spread of signature images, enabling faults to be detected [14] and identified [15] The system includes algorithms and mathematics appropriate for real-time welding analysis on personal computers, and the multidimensional optimization of fault-detection ...
Engineering Critical Assessment (ECA) is a procedure by which the safety of a welded structure with defects or flaws can be determined. ECAs utilize the material properties and expected stress history to determine a flaw acceptance criteria which will ensure that welds will not fail during the construction or service life of the welded structure. [1]
At least five nuclear reactors operated by French utility EDF might have problems with weldings on their steam generators, a fault which has raised fears of closures, France's nuclear regulator ...
A common case of embrittlement during manufacture is poor arc welding practice, in which hydrogen is released from moisture, such as in the coating of welding electrodes or from damp welding rods. [ 22 ] [ 31 ] To avoid atomic hydrogen formation in the high temperature plasma of the arc , welding rods have to be perfectly dried in an oven at ...
Kim et al. [3] studied its ability to identify weld defects in laser welding polycarbonate to acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer. They used the maximum laser intensity of the system (10 times that required) in order to obtain a perfectly welded region and an imperfectively welded region.
Most weld purging is carried out on joints made by the TIG or GTAW arc welding process. [6] When the laser welding process is chosen, joints or welds being made on reactive materials will need to be carried out and in the case of electron beam welding, this is carried out in a vacuum, in which case purging takes place by complete evacuation of all gas.
Dye penetrant inspection (DP), also called liquid penetrate inspection (LPI) or penetrant testing (PT), is a widely applied and low-cost inspection method used to check surface-breaking defects in all non-porous materials (metals, plastics, or ceramics).