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Exoenzymes also aid digestion in the guts of ruminants, [6] termites, [7] humans and herbivores. By hydrolyzing plant cell wall polymers, microbes release energy that has the potential to be used by humans as biofuel. [8] Other human uses include waste water treatment, [9] composting [10] and bioethanol production. [11]
The breakdown of these larger macromolecules is critical for allowing their constituents to pass through the cell membrane and enter into the cell. For humans and other complex organisms, this process is best characterized by the digestive system which breaks down solid food [1] via exoenzymes. The small molecules, generated by the exoenzyme ...
Charles Ernest Overton (1865–1933) was a British and Swedish physiologist and biologist, now regarded as a pioneer of the theory of the cell membrane. [1]In the last years of the 19th century Overton did experimental work, allowing the distinction to be drawn between the cell wall of plants and their cytoplasmic membrane. [2]
Illustration of a eukaryotic cell membrane Comparison of a eukaryotic vs. a prokaryotic cell membrane. The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment (the extracellular space).
Exoenzymes are enzymes secreted by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, to function outside their cells. These enzymes are crucial for breaking down large molecules in the environment into smaller ones that the microorganisms can absorb (transport into their cells) and use for growth and energy.
Ribbon representation of the Streptomyces lividans β-1,4-endoglucanase catalytic domain - an example from the family 12 glycoside hydrolases [1]. Cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4; systematic name 4-β-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase) is any of several enzymes produced chiefly by fungi, bacteria, and protozoans that catalyze cellulolysis, the decomposition of cellulose and of some related polysaccharides:
Cross-sectional view of the structures that can be formed by phospholipids in an aqueous solution. A biological membrane, biomembrane or cell membrane is a selectively permeable membrane that separates the interior of a cell from the external environment or creates intracellular compartments by serving as a boundary between one part of the cell and another.
A micrograph from a Transmission Electron Micrograph showing a lipid vesicle. The two dark bands are the two leaflets comprising the bilayer. Similar images taken in the 1950s and 1960s confirmed the bilayer nature of the cell membrane. Thus, by the early twentieth century the chemical, but not the structural nature of the cell membrane was known.