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General structure of 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-dicarbonyls. In organic chemistry, a dicarbonyl is a molecule containing two carbonyl (C=O) groups.Although this term could refer to any organic compound containing two carbonyl groups, it is used more specifically to describe molecules in which both carbonyls are in close enough proximity that their reactivity is changed, such as 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4 ...
This conversion is the basis of a potential biotechnological route to the commodity chemical 1,2-propanediol. [6] Since methylglyoxal is highly cytotoxic, several detoxification mechanisms have evolved. One of these is the glyoxalase system. Methylglyoxal is detoxified by glutathione.
Following rearrangement and loss of water, a second equivalent of water attacks the alpha position. Red amorphous selenium is liberated in the final step to give the 1,2-dicarbonyl product. [8] [9]: 4331 Allylic oxidation using selenium-dioxide proceeds via an ene reaction at the electrophilic selenium center.
In organic chemistry, carbonyl reduction is the conversion of any carbonyl group, usually to an alcohol. It is a common transformation that is practiced in many ways. [1] Ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, amides, and acid halides - some of the most pervasive functional groups, -comprise carbonyl compounds.
Inorganic carbonyls have shorter C-O distances: CO, 113; CO 2, 116; and COCl 2, 116 pm. [2] The carbonyl carbon is typically electrophilic. A qualitative order of electrophilicity is RCHO (aldehydes) > R 2 CO (ketones) > RCO 2 R' (esters) > RCONH 2 (amides). A variety of nucleophiles attack, breaking the carbon-oxygen double bond.
Dimethyl sulfide (Me 2 S) is treated with N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS), resulting in formation of an "active DMSO" species that is used for the activation of the alcohol. Addition of triethylamine to the activated alcohol leads to its oxidation to aldehyde or ketone and generation of dimethyl sulfide. In variance with other alcohol oxidation using ...
Moreover, multiple other optional domains can also exist within a module like ketoreductase or dehydratase domains which alter the default 1,3-dicarbonyl functionality of the installed ketide by sequential reduction to an alcohol and double bond, respectively. [5] [6] These domains work together like an assembly line. This type of type I PKSs ...
The Debus–Radziszewski imidazole synthesis is a multi-component reaction used for the synthesis of imidazoles from a 1,2-dicarbonyl, an aldehyde, and ammonia or a primary amine. The method is used commercially to produce several imidazoles. [1] The process is an example of a multicomponent reaction. The reaction can be viewed as occurring in ...