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In 2013, a second issue being seen across the world, was the development of Bt resistant pests limiting the usefulness of Bt crops. [15] Main drivers for the widespread resistance in India and China included the high proportion of Bt cotton being planted, 90% and 95% respectively in 2011, [9] [16] and few refuge areas. [12] [17] [18]
Pesticide application can artificially select for resistant pests. In this diagram, the first generation happens to have an insect with a heightened resistance to a pesticide (red) After pesticide application, its descendants represent a larger proportion of the population, because sensitive pests (white) have been selectively killed.
It is rare for an insect to survive after eating Bt corn, but when these resistant individuals mate with moths from the refuge area, the offspring they produce will still be susceptible to the toxin. [23] Studies on the dispersal of European corn borers found that planting refuge corn within a half-mile of Bt crops prevents resistance. [24]
They have been used in companion planting as pest control in agricultural and garden situations, and in households. Certain plants have shown effectiveness as topical repellents for haematophagous insects, such as the use of lemon eucalyptus in PMD, but incomplete research and misunderstood applications can produce variable results. [1]
The majority of GM crops have been modified to be resistant to selected herbicides, usually a glyphosate or glufosinate based one. In 2014, 154 million hectares were planted with a herbicide resistant crop and 78.8 million hectares had insect resistant.
Following the introduction of the gene, Russet Burbank potato plants with the gene were tested for kanamycin resistance and Colorado potato beetle resistance. [50] In 308 plants that were tested, 18% (55) displayed complete resistance to the beetle. [50] Later larval stages and adult beetles are more sensitive to cryIIIA protein. [50]
MON 809 is an Insect Resistant maize under license from Monsanto. [5] MON 810 is an Insect resistant maize expressing the CryIAc protein for lepidopteran insect pest protection. Under license from Monsanto. [6] MON 832 is an herbicide tolerant maize under license from Monsanto. MON 863 is an Insect Resistant maize under license from Monsanto. [7]
Transgenic maize containing a gene from the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis. Genetically modified maize is a genetically modified crop.Specific maize strains have been genetically engineered to express agriculturally-desirable traits, including resistance to pests and to herbicides.