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Quantum entanglement is the phenomenon of a group of particles being generated, interacting, or sharing spatial proximity in a manner such that the quantum state of each particle of the group cannot be described independently of the state of the others, including when the particles are separated by a large distance.
Alain Aspect (French: ⓘ; born 15 June 1947 [3]) is a French physicist noted for his experimental work on quantum entanglement. [4] [5] [6] [7]Aspect was awarded the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger, "for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science".
The first such result was introduced by Bell in 1964, building upon the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox, which had called attention to the phenomenon of quantum entanglement. Bell deduced that if measurements are performed independently on the two separated particles of an entangled pair, then the assumption that the outcomes depend upon ...
In 1964, Irish physicist John Stewart Bell carried the analysis of quantum entanglement much further. [5] He deduced that if measurements are performed independently on the two separated particles of an entangled pair, then the assumption that the outcomes depend upon hidden variables within each half implies a mathematical constraint on how the outcomes on the two measurements are correlated.
In quantum physics, entanglement depth characterizes the strength of multiparticle entanglement. An entanglement depth k {\displaystyle k} means that the quantum state of a particle ensemble cannot be described under the assumption that particles interacted with each other only in groups having fewer than k {\displaystyle k} particles.
In quantum mechanics, a quantum eraser experiment is an interferometer experiment that demonstrates several fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics, including quantum entanglement and complementarity. [1] [2]: 328 The quantum eraser experiment is a variation of Thomas Young's classic double-slit experiment. It establishes that when action is ...
An -particle system is -producible if it is a mixture of states such that each of them is separable with respect to some partition {, …,}, where the size of is at most . [2] [1] If a state is not k-producible then it is at least (+)-particle entangled.
Quantum entanglement can be defined only within the formalism of quantum mechanics, i.e., it is a model-dependent property. In contrast, nonlocality refers to the impossibility of a description of observed statistics in terms of a local hidden variable model, so it is independent of the physical model used to describe the experiment.