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Alcohol has been produced and consumed by humans for its psychoactive effects since c. 7000–6600 BC. [21] Alcohol is the second most consumed psychoactive drug globally, behind caffeine. [22] [23] Drinking alcohol is generally socially acceptable and is legal in most countries, unlike with many other recreational substances.
The psychiatric drugs fluoxetine, quetiapine, and lorazepam are ingested orally in tablet or capsule form. Alcohol and caffeine are ingested in beverage form; nicotine and cannabis are smoked or vaporized; peyote and psilocybin mushrooms are ingested in botanical form or dried; and crystalline drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine are ...
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Alcohol can intensify the sedation caused by hypnotics/sedatives such as barbiturates, benzodiazepines, sedative antihistamines, opioids, nonbenzodiazepines/Z-drugs (such as zolpidem and zopiclone). [15] In the Netherlands, pentobarbital is part of the standard protocol for physician-assisted suicide for self-administration by the patient. [16]
Alcohol (from the Arabic word al-kuḥl, الكحل), sometimes referred to by the chemical name ethanol, is one of the most widely used and abused psychoactive drugs in the world. It is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant, decreasing electrical activity of neurons in the brain.
The drug or other substance has a potential for abuse less than the drugs or other substances in schedules I and II. The drug or other substance has a currently [1] accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence.
A primary alcohol is an alcohol in which the hydroxy group is bonded to a primary carbon atom. It can also be defined as a molecule containing a “–CH 2 OH” group. [ 1 ] In contrast, a secondary alcohol has a formula “–CHROH” and a tertiary alcohol has a formula “–CR 2 OH”, where “R” indicates a carbon-containing group.
Alcohol is also converted into phosphatidylethanol (PEth, an unnatural lipid metabolite) by phospholipase D2. This metabolite competes with PIP 2 agonist sites on lipid-gated ion channels. [28] [29] The result of these direct effects is a wave of further indirect effects involving a variety of other neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems. [25]