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Alternatively, autophagy has also been shown to play a large role in tumor cell survival. In cancerous cells, autophagy is used as a way to deal with stress on the cell. [112] Induction of autophagy by miRNA-4673, for example, is a pro-survival mechanism that improves the resistance of cancer cells to radiation. [113]
The ability of CMA to selectively degrade enzymes involved in the metabolism of free fatty acids (i.e. linoleic and linolic pathway) has proven key for activation of hematopoietic stem cells, [16] thus supporting a role for CMA in stem cell function. CMA activity is upregulated during differentiation of embryonic stem cells and contributed to ...
Atg1 is a kinase upregulated upon induction of autophagy. Atg13 regulates Atg1 and together they form a complex called Atg13:Atg1, which receives signals from the master of nutrient sensing – Tor. Atg1 is also important in late stages of autophagosome formation. [8]
The omegasome is a cell organelle consisting of lipid bilayer membranes enriched for phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (abbreviated PI(3)P or PtdIns3P), and related to a process of autophagy. [1] It is a subdomain of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), [2] and has a morphology resembling the Greek capital letter Omega (Ω).
Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in apoptosis. Cell death is the event of a biological cell ceasing to carry out its functions. This may be the result of the natural process of old cells dying and being replaced by new ones, as in programmed cell death, or may result from factors such as diseases, localized injury, or the death of the organism of which the cells are part.
Autophagy database offers comparison of homologous proteins between 41 different species to search new and old autophagy-related proteins, so that current autophagy research can be streamlined. [1] The database was made publicly available in March 2010 and currently includes 7,444 genes/proteins in 82 eukaryotes.
During the 1990s, Ohsumi's group described the morphology of autophagy in yeast, and performed mutational screening on yeast cells that identified essential genes for cells to be capable of autophagy. [7] [8] In 2016, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy".
Process of non-selective microautophagy can be observed in all types of eukaryotic cells. On the other hand, selective microautophagy is commonly observed in yeast cells. Three types of selective microautophagy selective microautophagy can be distinguished: micropexophagy, piecemeal microautophagy of the nucleus and micromitophagy [1] [9]