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Stiegel's glass works in the Province of Pennsylvania was the first in America to make fine lead crystal, which is often mislabeled as flint glass. [64] Amelung invested more money in glassmaking than anyone ever had and produced impressive quality glass with engraving —although his Maryland glass works failed after 11 years. [ 65 ]
Additional ingredients may be added to color the glass. For example, an oxide of cobalt is used to make glass blue. [3] Broken and scrap glass, known as cullet, is often used as an ingredient to make new glass. The cullet melts faster than the other ingredients, which results in some savings in fuel cost for the furnace. Cullet typically ...
Mechanical pressing of glass reduced the time and labor necessary to make glass products, which lowered costs and made glass products available to more of the public. [32] An 1884 U.S. government report considered mechanical pressing and a new formula for glass to be the two great advances in American glassmaking during the 19th century. [ 25 ]
The National Glass Company controlled 19 glass companies, which meant it controlled about 75 percent of the glass tableware market in the United States. [106] The American Window Glass Company trust was created in 1898, and it had over half of the nation's window glassmaking capacity in part because it consisted of many of the large works that ...
Two large stained-glass windows installed by Hartford City Glass Company's Belgian glass workers A New England Glass Company ewer , 1840–1860 A Novelty Glass Company advertisement in 1891 An electrical insulator made by Whitall Tatum Company , circa 1922
Note 1] One of the earliest places to which the Hobbs glass making talent spread was Bellaire, Ohio, located in Belmont County, across the river from Wheeling and Ohio County. [Note 2] Former employees of the Hobbs glass works became the talent that established many of the region's glass factories, and many became company presidents or plant ...
Broadly, modern glass container factories are three-part operations: the "batch house", the "hot end", and the "cold end". The batch house handles the raw materials; the hot end handles the manufacture proper—the forehearth, forming machines, and annealing ovens; and the cold end handles the product-inspection and packaging equipment.
A very important advance in glass manufacture was the technique of adding lead oxide to the molten glass; this improved the appearance of the glass and made it easier to melt using sea-coal as a furnace fuel. This technique also increased the "working period" of the glass, making it easier to manipulate.