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Fetal mortality refers to stillbirths or fetal death. [9] It encompasses any death of a fetus after 20 weeks of gestation or 500 gm. In some definitions of the PNM early fetal mortality (week 20–27 gestation) is not included, and the PNM may only include late fetal death and neonatal death.
It is estimated that less than 1ml of fetal blood is lost to the maternal circulation during normal labour in around 96% of normal deliveries. [1] [2] The loss of this small amount of blood may however be a sensitising event and stimulate antibody production to the foetal red blood cells, an example of which is Rhesus disease of the newborn.
The federal guidelines recommend reporting those fetal deaths whose birth weight is over 12.5 oz (350 g), or those more than 20 weeks gestation. [63] Forty-one areas use a definition very similar to the federal definition, thirteen areas use a shortened definition of fetal death, and three areas have no formal definition of fetal death.
The death of a child during pregnancy or shortly after birth can have a strong effect on a mother's sense of identity. Bereaved mothers may find it difficult to connect to or accept their identity as a mother after experiencing child loss, resulting in a fragmented sense of self.
There are three stages of fetal development. The first stage is the germinal stage begins at conception and is the shortest stage. The second stage is the embryonic stage which begins around the third week of pregnancy and ends at the eighth week. The final stage is the fetal stage which begins at the ninth week of pregnancy and lasts until birth.
Maternal death or maternal mortality is defined in slightly different ways by several different health organizations. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines maternal death as the death of a pregnant mother due to complications related to pregnancy, underlying conditions worsened by the pregnancy or management of these conditions.
Fetal viability is the ability of a human fetus to survive outside the uterus. Viability depends upon factors such as birth weight , gestational age, and the availability of advanced medical care . In low-income countries , more than 90% of extremely preterm newborns (less than 28 weeks gestational age ) die due to a lack of said medical care ...
As an example, coeliac disease increases the risk of miscarriage by an odds ratio of approximately 1.4. [43] [44] A disruption in normal immune function can lead to the formation of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. This will affect the ability to continue the pregnancy, and if a woman has repeated miscarriages, she can be tested for it. [54]