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Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. [1] Coal is a type of fossil fuel, formed when dead plant matter decays into peat which is converted into coal by the heat and pressure of deep burial over millions of years. [2]
Coal tar and coal tar sludges are frequently denser than water and are present in the environment as a dense non-aqueous phase liquid. In the UK, a number of former gasworks sites have been redeveloped for residential and other uses (including the Millennium Dome), being seen as prime developable land within the confines of city boundaries.
The reserve list specifies different types of coal and includes countries with at least 0.1% share of the estimated world's proven reserves of coal. All data are taken from the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) via BP; all numbers are in million tonnes. [1]
ENGPD – engineering porosity data; Eni – Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi S.p.A. (Italy) [13] ENJ – enerjet log; ENMCS – electrical network monitoring and control system; EODU – electrical and optical distribution unit; EOFL – end of field life; EOR – enhanced oil recovery; EOT – end of tubing; EOT – electric overhead travelling ...
Proven oil reserves are those quantities of petroleum which, by analysis of geological and engineering data, can be estimated, with a high degree of confidence, to be commercially recoverable from a given date forward from known reservoirs and under current economic conditions.
The rank of coal is correlated with its geologic history, as described in Hilt's law. In the ASTM system, any coal with more than 69% fixed carbon is classified by its content of carbon and volatiles. Coal with less than 69% fixed carbon is classified by its heating value. Volatiles and carbon are on a dry mineral free base; heating value is ...
The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME) is a professional association for mining and metallurgy, with over 145,000 members. [1] The association was founded in 1871 by 22 mining engineers in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania , and was one of the first national engineering societies in the country.
Petroleum refinery in Anacortes, Washington, United States. Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries (also referred to as oil refineries) to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils.