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Modafinil is generally well-tolerated but can have potential risks and side effects. Common adverse effects of modafinil, experienced by less than 10% of users, include headaches, nausea, and reduced appetite. [94] [95] [20] Anxiety, insomnia, dizziness, diarrhea, and rhinitis are also reported in 5% to 10% of users. [20]
Adrafinil is a prodrug; it is primarily metabolized in vivo to modafinil, resulting in very similar pharmacological effects. [6] Unlike modafinil, however, it takes time for the metabolite to accumulate to active levels in the bloodstream. Effects usually are apparent within 45–60 minutes when taken orally on an empty stomach. [citation needed]
The drug has been found to block the dopamine transporter (DAT) by 83%, to a greater extent than methylphenidate without unfavorable concomitant adrenergic effects. [8] The drug is an atypical DRI similarly to modafinil. [11] [1] [9] The affinities for the DAT of flmodafinil's enantiomers and modafinil have also been studied.
Side effects include irregular heartbeat, fatigue, high blood pressure, dry mouth, and eyes that are itchy, red, and/or swollen. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (Trusopt, Azopt): This is another ...
Effects of anticholinergic drugs include: Delirium (often with hallucinations and delusions indistinguishable from reality); Ocular symptoms (from eye drops): mydriasis, pupil dilation, and acute angle-closure glaucoma in those with shallow anterior chamber [11] [12] [13]
While some added sugar can be part of a balanced diet, consuming excess amounts of added sugar has been linked with negative effects on gut health and insulin resistance, both of which can ...
Adrafinil acts as a prodrug of modafinil and hence shares its mechanism of action. [13] Certain other drugs acting as atypical DRIs with known or potential wakefulness-promoting effects include solriamfetol (also a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor), [14] [15] vanoxerine, [16] phenylpiracetam, [17] [18] [19] and mesocarb.
A major new study has revealed a long list of benefits and some little-known risks of Ozempic and other GLP-1 medications. Experts break down the findings.