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Ghanaian Pidgin (now also a Creole language) Nigerian Pidgin (now also a Creole language) Cameroonian Pidgin (now also a Creole language) Suriname Sranan Tongo (Surinamese Creole English) Saramaccan (Saramacca–Upper Suriname regions) Surinamese and French Guianese Maroons. Aluku; Ndyuka (Aukan, Eastern Maroon Creole), in Suriname; Paramaccan ...
A creole language is a stable natural language developed from a mixture of different languages. Unlike a pidgin, a simplified form that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups, a creole language is a complete language, used in a community and acquired by children as their native language.
The word pidgin, formerly also spelled pigion, [9] was first applied to Chinese Pidgin English, but was later generalized to refer to any pidgin. [11] Pidgin may also be used as the specific name for local pidgins or creoles, in places where they are spoken. For example, the name of the creole language Tok Pisin derives from the English words ...
Pidgin English is a non-specific name used to refer to any of the many pidgin languages derived from English. Pidgins that are spoken as first languages become creoles . English-based pidgins that became stable contact languages, and which have some documentation, include the following:
Nagamese ("Naga Pidgin") is an Assamese-lexified creole language. Depending on location, it has also been described and classified as an "extended pidgin" or "pidgincreole". [2] [3] Spoken natively by an estimated 4 million people in the Indian northeastern state of Nagaland, it developed primarily as a means of marketplace and trade communication.
A lexifier is the language that provides the basis for the majority of a pidgin or creole language's vocabulary (). [1] Often this language is also the dominant, or superstrate language, though this is not always the case, as can be seen in the historical Mediterranean Lingua Franca. [2]
In the modern era, pidgin Arabic is most notably used by the large number of migrants to Arab countries. Examples include: Gulf Pidgin Arabic, used by mostly immigrant laborers in the Arabian Peninsula (and not necessarily a single language variety). [2] [3] Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic, used by Bengali immigrants in Jordan. [4]
Chinook Jargon (Chinuk Wawa or Chinook Wawa, also known simply as Chinook or Jargon) is a language originating as a pidgin trade language in the Pacific Northwest.It spread during the 19th century from the lower Columbia River, first to other areas in modern Oregon and Washington, then to British Columbia and parts of Alaska, Northern California, Idaho and Montana.