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In mathematics, a Riemann sum is a certain kind of approximation of an integral by a finite sum. It is named after nineteenth century German mathematician Bernhard Riemann . One very common application is in numerical integration , i.e., approximating the area of functions or lines on a graph, where it is also known as the rectangle rule .
One popular restriction is the use of "left-hand" and "right-hand" Riemann sums. In a left-hand Riemann sum, t i = x i for all i, and in a right-hand Riemann sum, t i = x i + 1 for all i. Alone this restriction does not impose a problem: we can refine any partition in a way that makes it a left-hand or right-hand sum by subdividing it at each t i.
A partition of an interval being used in a Riemann sum. The partition itself is shown in grey at the bottom, with the norm of the partition indicated in red. In mathematics, a partition of an interval [a, b] on the real line is a finite sequence x 0, x 1, x 2, …, x n of real numbers such that a = x 0 < x 1 < x 2 < … < x n = b.
Abel's summation formula can be generalized to the case where is only assumed to be continuous if the integral is interpreted as a Riemann–Stieltjes integral: ∑ x < n ≤ y a n ϕ ( n ) = A ( y ) ϕ ( y ) − A ( x ) ϕ ( x ) − ∫ x y A ( u ) d ϕ ( u ) . {\displaystyle \sum _{x<n\leq y}a_{n}\phi (n)=A(y)\phi (y)-A(x)\phi (x)-\int _{x ...
The trapezoidal rule may be viewed as the result obtained by averaging the left and right Riemann sums, and is sometimes defined this way. The integral can be even better approximated by partitioning the integration interval, applying the trapezoidal rule to each subinterval, and summing the results. In practice, this "chained" (or "composite ...
Among the new definitions, ideas, and notation introduced: The use of the Greek letter zeta (ζ) for a function previously mentioned by Euler; The analytic continuation of this zeta function ζ to all complex s ≠ 1; The entire function ξ(s), related to the zeta function through the gamma function (or the Π function, in Riemann's usage)
The Riemann zeta function can be replaced by a Dirichlet L-function of a Dirichlet character χ. The sum over prime powers then gets extra factors of χ(p m), and the terms Φ(1) and Φ(0) disappear because the L-series has no poles.
In practice, since polynomials of very high degree tend to oscillate wildly, only polynomials of low degree are used, typically linear and quadratic. Illustration of the trapezoidal rule. The interpolating function may be a straight line (an affine function , i.e. a polynomial of degree 1) passing through the points ( a , f ( a ...