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The history of gangs in South Africa goes back to the Apartheid era. Many South African gangs began, and still exist, in urban areas. This includes cities like Cape Town, Durban, Port Elizabeth and Johannesburg. Cape Town has between 90 and 130 gangs [1] with the South African Police Service stating a total estimated membership of 100,000. [2]
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A drug cartel is a criminal organization composed of independent drug lords who collude with each other in order to improve their profits and dominate the illegal drug trade. Drug cartels form with the purpose of controlling the supply of the illegal drug trade and maintaining prices at a high level.
South Africa has four cities (Nelson Mandela Bay, Durban, Cape Town and Johannesburg) included in the top 50 most dangerous cities (defined as cities with a population over 300,000 with the highest murder rates, as reported by The Citizen Council for Public Security and Criminal Justice, a Mexican advocacy group, in its 2023/2024 ranking). [123]
Criminal networks from West Africa have, in turn, spread to other regions—namely South Africa. Certain individuals central to the drug trade in West Africa carried practices and organizations to the south of the continent, where transit costs and risk of detection are relatively lower and new markets exist for harder drugs. [5]
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As a result, there was an influx in drug-trafficking across the Mexico–US border, which increased the drug cartel activity in Mexico. By the early 1990s, so much as 50% of the cocaine available in the United States market originated from Mexico, and by the 2000s, over 90% of the cocaine in the United States was imported from Mexico. [ 67 ]
Two 14K groups, 14K-Hau and 14K-Ngai, [20] are among seven Chinese criminal organizations operating in South Africa, represented in both Cape Town and Johannesburg, specializing primarily in extortion and abalone trafficking. In 2000, the estimated gross income from the illegal exportation of abalone to Hong Kong was US$32 million.