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[11] rs7873784 was also associated with the abnormal metabolic phenotype accompanying T2DM (levels of fasting insulin and triglycerides, abnormal low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels). However, there is growing evidence that T2DM is not only a purely metabolic, but also an inflammatory disorder.
The TCF7L2 gene encoding the TCF7L2 transcription factor, exhibits multiple functions through its polymorphisms and thus, is known as a pleiotropic gene. Type 2 diabetes T2DM susceptibility is exhibited in carriers of TCF7L2 rs7903146C>T [24] [25] and rs290481T>C [25] polymorphisms.
Individuals with cancer may be at a higher risk of mortality if they also have diabetes. [53] Testosterone deficiency is also associated with type 2 diabetes. [54] [55] Eating disorders may also interact with type 2 diabetes, with bulimia nervosa increasing the risk and anorexia nervosa decreasing it. [56]
As physiologists came to better understand the metabolic role of other organs, they began to hypothesize alternative causes for the disease. Through accumulating evidence, it was established that the "cause" of diabetes could be localized to the pancreas, then to its internal secretion (see: History of diabetes#Pathophysiology#Role of the ...
Thiazolidinedione ligand dependent transactivation is responsible for the majority of anti-diabetic effects. The activated PPAR/RXR heterodimer binds to peroxisome proliferator hormone response elements upstream of target genes in complex with a number of coactivators such as nuclear receptor coactivator 1 and CREB binding protein, this causes upregulation of genes (for a full list see PPARγ):
Disorders affecting the kynurenine pathway may be primary (of genetic origin) or secondary (due to inflammatory conditions). [9] Peripheral inflammation can lead to a build up of kynurenine in the brain, and this is associated with major depressive disorder, [5] [6] bipolar disorder, [1] [5] [2] [8] and schizophrenia.
Globally, an estimated 537 million adults are living with diabetes, according to 2019 data from the International Diabetes Federation. [1] Diabetes was the 9th-leading cause of mortality globally in 2020, attributing to over 2 million deaths annually due to diabetes directly, and to kidney disease due to diabetes. [2]
Tumor Biology 's founding editor-in-chief was William H. Fishman (La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation), who edited the journal along with Hidematsu Hirai (Hokkaido University) from 1980 to 1983. In 1984, A. Munro Neville ( Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research ) took over as editor-in-chief, and in 1995, he was replaced by Sabine von Kleist ...