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Work hardening, also known as strain hardening, is the process by which a material's load-bearing capacity (strength) increases during plastic (permanent) deformation. This characteristic is what sets ductile materials apart from brittle materials. [1] Work hardening may be desirable, undesirable, or inconsequential, depending on the application.
At this point, the strengthening mechanism changes from dislocation-dominated strain hardening to growth softening and grain rotation. Typically, the inverse Hall-Petch effect will happens at grain size ranging from 10 nm to 30 nm and makes it hard for nanocrystalline materials to achieve a high strength.
Thus the basic influence parameters for the forming limits are, the strain hardening exponent, n, the initial sheet thickness, t 0 and the strain rate hardening coefficient, m. The lankford coefficient, r, which defines the plastic anisotropy of the material, has two effects on the forming limit curve. On the left side there is no influence ...
Hardening is a metallurgical metalworking process used to increase the hardness of a metal. The hardness of a metal is directly proportional to the uniaxial yield stress at the location of the imposed strain. A harder metal will have a higher resistance to plastic deformation than a less hard metal.
Under tensile stress, plastic deformation is characterized by a strain hardening region and a necking region and finally, fracture (also called rupture). During strain hardening the material becomes stronger through the movement of atomic dislocations. The necking phase is indicated by a reduction in cross-sectional area of the specimen.
From these measurements the following properties can also be determined: Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, yield strength, and strain-hardening characteristics. [3] Uniaxial tensile testing is the most commonly used for obtaining the mechanical characteristics of isotropic materials. Some materials use biaxial tensile testing. The main ...
Therefore, ECC is not a fixed material design, but a broad range of topics under different stages of research, development, and implementations. The ECC material family is expanding. The development of an individual mix design of ECC requires special efforts by systematically engineering of the material at nano-, micro-, macro- and composite ...
The Ramberg–Osgood equation was created to describe the nonlinear relationship between stress and strain—that is, the stress–strain curve—in materials near their yield points. It is especially applicable to metals that harden with plastic deformation (see work hardening), showing a smooth elastic-plastic transition.