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Fetal hemoglobin, or foetal haemoglobin (also hemoglobin F, HbF, or α 2 γ 2) is the main oxygen carrier protein in the human fetus. Hemoglobin F is found in fetal red blood cells , and is involved in transporting oxygen from the mother's bloodstream to organs and tissues in the fetus.
n/a Ensembl ENSG00000213934 n/a UniProt P69891 n/a RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000559 n/a RefSeq (protein) NP_000550 n/a Location (UCSC) Chr 11: 5.25 – 5.25 Mb n/a PubMed search n/a Wikidata View/Edit Human Hemoglobin subunit gamma-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HBG1 gene. Function The gamma globin genes (HBG1 and HBG2) are normally expressed in the fetal liver, spleen and bone marrow ...
Hemoglobin Portland II (also referred to as ζ 2 β 2 or HbE Portland-2) is a form of hemoglobin existing at low levels during embryonic and fetal life, composed of two zeta chains and two beta chains. It is quite unstable, more so than even hemoglobin Gower 1, and breaks down very rapidly under stress. [4]
Fetal hemoglobin, the fetal version of hemoglobin. [2] Fetal Troponin T and Troponin I isoforms. Structure of Fetal Hemoglobin. Fetal Hemoglobin is a member of erythrocytes called F-cells. [3] It is a tetramer protein with 2 alpha and 2 gamma subunits. This is different from adult hemoglobin because it has 2 alpha and 2 beta subunits.
The normal hemoglobin types are Hemoglobin A (HbA), which makes up 95–98% of total hemoglobin in adults, Hemoglobin A2 (HbA2), which constitutes 2–3% of total hemoglobin in adults, and Hemoglobin F (HbF), which is the predominant hemoglobin in the fetus during pregnancy, and may persist in small amounts in adults. [1]
About 10% of the population has an HbF level >1.0%. [1] HPFH may alleviate the severity of certain hemoglobinopathies and thalassemias, and is selected for in populations with a high prevalence of these conditions (which in turn are often selected for in areas where malaria is endemic).
This enables fetal hemoglobin to absorb oxygen from adult hemoglobin in the placenta, where the oxygen pressure is lower than at the lungs. Around 6 months of age after birth, the gamma chains will gradually be replaced by beta chains. This new hemoglobin structure is known as hemoglobin A, composed of two alpha and two beta chains (2α2β). [4]
Hemoglobin A (adult hemoglobin) (α 2 β 2 ) – The most common with a normal amount over 95%; Hemoglobin A 2 (α 2 δ 2) – δ chain synthesis begins late in the third trimester and, in adults, it has a normal range of 1.5–3.5%; Hemoglobin F (fetal hemoglobin) (α 2 γ 2) – In adults Hemoglobin F is restricted to a