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In computer networking, a firewall pinhole is a port that is not protected by a firewall to allow a particular application to gain access to a service on a host in the network protected by the firewall. [1] [2] Leaving ports open in firewall configurations exposes the protected system to potentially malicious abuse.
The Router Advertisement Daemon is used by system administrators in stateless autoconfiguration (RFC 4862. [ 3 ] ) methods of network hosts on Internet Protocol version 6 networks. When IPv6 hosts configure their network interface controllers , they multicast router solicitation (RS) requests onto the network to discover available routers.
Flaws in combined implementations of TR-064 (LAN side DSL CPE configuration) and TR-069 (CWMP), that reused the same HTTP endpoint over public internet for Connection Requests without proper protections, were found in devices by various vendors and are exploited by Mirai-based botnet and other malware.
Officially, this mechanism was created for Microsoft Windows XP and onwards PCs to provide IPv6 connectivity to IPv4 clients by connecting to ipv6.microsoft.com and works in conjunction with IP Helper service and Teredo Tunneling Adapter Interface driver. The service also opens a UPNP port on the router for relaying.
The compatibility issue still exist since the introduced of the IGDv1 client in Windows XP in 2001, and a IGDv2 router without a workaround that makes router port mapping impossible. [ 8 ] If UPnP is only used to control router port mappings and pinholes, there are alternative, newer much simpler and lightweight protocols such as the PCP and ...
Link-local addresses may be assigned manually by an administrator or by automatic operating system procedures. In Internet Protocol (IP) networks, they are assigned most often using stateless address autoconfiguration, a process that often uses a stochastic process to select the value of link-local addresses, assigning a pseudo-random address that is different for each session.
The IPv6 protocol stack also includes duplicate address detection to avoid conflicts with other hosts. In IPv4, the method is called link-local address autoconfiguration. [1] However, Microsoft refers to this as Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) [3] or Internet Protocol Automatic Configuration (IPAC).
FreeLAN, open-source, free, multi-platform IPv4, IPv6 and peer-to-peer VPN software over UDP/IP. n2n, an open source Layer 2 over Layer 3 VPN application which uses a peer-to-peer architecture for network membership and routing; Tinc, Ethernet/IPv4/IPv6 over TCP/UDP; encrypted, compressed