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Frost diagram for manganese In electrochemistry , the tendency of two redox species to disproportionate, or comproportionate, can be determined by examining their Frost diagram . It is a graphical plot of nE ° = −Δ G °/ F as a function of the oxidation number for the different redox species of a given element.
Note: This Frost diagram for nitrogen is also incomplete as it lacks azide (N − 3, or hydrazoic acid, HN 3), presented here above in the former Frost diagram for nitrogen. The pH dependence is given by the factor −0.059 m / n per pH unit, where m relates to the number of protons in the equation, and n the number of electrons exchanged.
Frost weathering is a collective term for several mechanical weathering processes induced by stresses created by the freezing of water into ice. The term serves as an umbrella term for a variety of processes, such as frost shattering, frost wedging, and cryofracturing.
Photograph taken 21 March 2010 in Norwich, Vermont. Frost heaving (or a frost heave) is an upwards swelling of soil during freezing conditions caused by an increasing presence of ice as it grows towards the surface, upwards from the depth in the soil where freezing temperatures have penetrated into the soil (the freezing front or freezing boundary).
Latimer diagrams can be used in the construction of Frost diagrams, as a concise summary of the standard electrode potentials relative to the element. Since Δ r G o = -n F E o , the electrode potential is a representation of the Gibbs energy change for the given reduction.
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[4] [5] [6] The CALPHAD approach is based on the fact that a phase diagram is a manifestation of the equilibrium thermodynamic properties of the system, which are the sum of the properties of the individual phases. [7] It is thus possible to calculate a phase diagram by first assessing the thermodynamic properties of all the phases in a system.
The frost depth depends on the climatic conditions of an area, the heat transfer properties of the soil and adjacent materials, and on nearby heat sources. For example, snow cover and asphalt insulate the ground and homes can heat the ground (see also heat island). The line varies by latitude, it is deeper closer to the poles.