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Food fortification is the addition of micronutrients (essential trace elements and vitamins) to food products. Food enrichment specifically means adding back nutrients lost during food processing, while fortification includes adding nutrients not naturally present. [ 1 ]
The Food Fortification Initiative (FFI) is an organization that promotes the fortification of industrially milled flours and cereals. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] FFI assists country leaders in promoting, planning, implementing, and monitoring the fortification of industrially milled wheat flour , maize flour , and rice . [ 3 ]
Scientific analysis of food and nutrients began during the chemical revolution in the late 18th century. Chemists in the 18th and 19th centuries experimented with different elements and food sources to develop theories of nutrition. [1] Modern nutrition science began in the 1910s as individual micronutrients began to be identified.
This differentiates enrichment from fortification, which is the process of introducing new nutrients to a food. 79 countries have fortification or enrichment for wheat or maize flour made "mandatory", according to the Global Fortification Data Exchange. [1]
Infant Formula Act of 1980, 21 U.S.C. § 350a, is a United States statute authorizing good manufacturing practices and infant food safety for infant formula packaged and labeled in the United States. The Act of Congress amended the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act creating section 350a under subchapter IV entitled as Food. [1]
Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance taste, appearance, or other sensory qualities. Some additives, such as vinegar ( pickling ), salt ( salting ), smoke ( smoking ) and sugar ( crystallization ), have been used for centuries to preserve food .
As described in Vitamin C Fortification of Food Aid Commodities (1997), the United States provides rations to international food relief programs, later under the auspices of the Food for Peace Act and the Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance. [44] Vitamin C is added to corn-soy blend and wheat-soy blend products at 40 mg/100 grams.
In the US, mandatory fortification of enriched breads, cereals, flours, corn meal, pastas, rice, and other grain products began in January 1998. As of 2023, 140 countries require food fortification with one or more vitamins, [32] with folate required in 69 countries. The most commonly fortified food is wheat flour, followed by maize flour and rice.