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Toenailing or skew-nailing is a viable, structurally sound method [1] of the driving of a nail at a roughly 30° [2] angle to fasten two pieces of wood together, typically with their grains perpendicular. The term comes colloquially from fastening wood at the bottom, or toe, of the board.
Aronson, Joseph. The Encyclopedia of Furniture. 3rd edition.New York: Crown Publishers Inc., 1965. Bedel, Jean. Le grand guide des styles.Paris: Hachette, 1996. Boyce ...
Morris chairs feature a seat with a reclining back and moderately high armrests, which give the chair an old-style appearance. The characteristic feature of a Morris chair is a hinged back, set between two un-upholstered arms, with the reclining angle adjusted through a row of pegs, holes or notches in each arm.
Panels are made slightly smaller than the available space within the frame to provide room for movement. Wood will expand and contract across the grain, and a wide panel made of solid wood could change width by a half of an inch, warping the door frame. By allowing the wood panel to float, it can expand and contract without damaging the door.
English furniture has developed largely in line with styles in the rest of northern Europe, but has been interpreted in a distinctive fashion. There were significant regional differences in style, for example between the North Country and the West Country. Salisbury and Norwich were prominent early centres of furniture production. [1]
The design movement had an extremely positive impact on the craftsmanship and quality of British furniture. [7] The William and Mary style was a transitional style between Mannerist and Queen Anne furniture. [4] The William and Mary style was very popular in Britain from 1700 to 1725, [1] and in America until about 1735. [3]
In the later period of the Elizabethan, the Italians themselves may have supplied artists and workmen for the furniture, but they must have worked hampered by the tastes and prejudices existing around them. A certain rudeness of carving prevails throughout the earlier part of the style, and is considered to give breadth of effect.
The furniture of the Louis XV period (1715–1774) is characterized by curved forms, lightness, comfort and asymmetry; it replaced the more formal, boxlike and massive furniture of the Louis XIV style. It employed marquetry, using inlays of exotic woods of different colors, as well as ivory and mother of pearl. The style had three distinct periods.