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Both citrate and malate involved in the citrate-malate shuttle are necessary intermediates of the Krebs cycle. [9] Usually, oxaloacetate in the Krebs cycle is generated from the carboxylation of pyruvate in the mitochondrion; however, malate generated in the cytosol can also enter the mitochondrion through the transport protein located in the ...
1.2 Recruited reaction steps of the citric acid cycle and malate aspartate shuttle. 1.3 Reaction steps from malate to pyruvate and ... CoA + H 2 O → citrate ...
In addition to pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate may also be imported. At various points, the intermediate product is exported to the cytosol for additional transformations and then re-imported. Three specific pyruvate cycles are generally considered, [ 1 ] each named for the principal molecule exported from the mitochondrion: malate, citrate, and ...
The two main systems in humans are the glycerol phosphate shuttle and the malate-aspartate shuttle. The malate/a-ketoglutarate antiporter functions move electrons while the aspartate/glutamate antiporter moves amino groups. This allows the mitochondria to receive the substrates that it needs for its functionality in an efficient manner. [1]
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is a complex of three enzymes that converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA by a process called pyruvate decarboxylation. [1] Acetyl-CoA may then be used in the citric acid cycle to carry out cellular respiration, and this complex links the glycolysis metabolic pathway to the citric ...
As well, cytosolic NADPH + H + necessary for fatty acid biosynthesis is generated in the reduction of oxaloacetate to malate and pyruvate by malate dehydrogenase and the malic enzyme. [ 11 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] For these reasons, the tricarboxylate transport protein is considered to play a key role in fatty acid synthesis.
Illustration of the malate–aspartate shuttle pathway. The malate–aspartate shuttle (sometimes simply the malate shuttle) is a biochemical system for translocating electrons produced during glycolysis across the semipermeable inner membrane of the mitochondrion for oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes.
The reaction it catalyzes is: pyruvate + HCO − 3 + ATP → oxaloacetate + ADP + P. It is an important anaplerotic reaction that creates oxaloacetate from pyruvate. PC contains a biotin prosthetic group [1] and is typically localized to the mitochondria in eukaryotes with exceptions to some fungal species such as Aspergillus nidulans which have a cytosolic PC.