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In the late 1850s Henry Bessemer invented a new steelmaking ... Smiths in the Middle East discovered that wrought iron could be turned into a ... by country in 2023 ...
[107] [108] The earliest cast iron artifacts were discovered by archaeologists in what is now modern Luhe County, Jiangsu in China. Cast iron was used in ancient China for warfare, agriculture, and architecture. [109]
The Age of Iron in South Asia: Legacy and Tradition. Aryan Books International. Tylecote, R.F. (1975). A History of Metallurgy. Great Britain: Institute of Materials. Waldbaum, J.C. (1978). From Bronze to Iron: The Transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age in the Eastern Mediterranean. Vol. 54– 55. P. Aström. ISBN 978-91-85058-79-2.
Steel is an alloy composed of between 0.2 and 2.0 percent carbon, with the balance being iron. From prehistory through the creation of the blast furnace, iron was produced from iron ore as wrought iron, 99.82–100 percent Fe, and the process of making steel involved adding carbon to iron, usually in a serendipitous manner, in the forge, or via the cementation process.
In Central Europe, the Iron Age is generally divided in the early Iron Age Hallstatt culture (HaC and D, 800–450 BC) and the late Iron Age La Tène culture (beginning in 450 BC). The transition from bronze to iron in Central Europe is exemplified in the great cemetery of Hallstatt , discovered near Gmunden in 1846, where the forms of the ...
Before the technique of injecting air into molten iron was re-discovered by Kelly and by Bessemer, iron was available as cast iron, a strong but brittle metal made in a blast furnace by treating iron ore with coke derived from coal, and wrought iron, a more malleable and flexible metal made by heating iron ore in a low oxygen environment in a bloomery heated by charcoal and producing "blooms ...
4th century – Iron pillar of Delhi is the oldest surviving example of corrosion-resistant steel; 8th century – Porcelain is invented in Tang dynasty China; 8th century – Tin-glazing of ceramics invented by Muslim chemists and potters in Basra, Iraq [2]: 1 9th century – Stonepaste ceramics invented in Iraq [2]: 5
Iron metallurgy in Africa concerns the origin and development of ferrous metallurgy on the African continent.Whereas the development of iron metallurgy in North Africa and the Horn closely mirrors that of the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean region, the three-age system is ill-suited to Sub-Saharan Africa, where copper metallurgy generally does not precede iron working. [1]