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The individual could have a natural brain malformation or pre or postnatal damage done to the brain caused by drowning or a traumatic brain injury, for example. Nearly 30 to 50% of individuals with intellectual disability will never know the cause of their diagnosis even after thorough investigation.
Organic personality disorder (OPD) or secondary personality change, is a condition described in the ICD-10 and ICD-11 respectively. It is characterized by a significant personality change featuring abnormal behavior due to an underlying traumatic brain injury or another pathophysiological medical condition affecting the brain.
The DSM-IV criteria for diagnosis of ADHD is 3–4 times more likely to diagnose ADHD than is the ICD-10 criteria. [212] ADHD is alternately classified as neurodevelopmental disorder [213] or a disruptive behaviour disorder along with ODD, CD, and antisocial personality disorder. [214] A diagnosis does not imply a neurological disorder. [185]
Closed-head injury is a type of traumatic brain injury in which the skull and dura mater remain intact. Closed-head injuries are the leading cause of death in children under 4 years old and the most common cause of physical disability and cognitive impairment in young people.
An acquired brain injury (ABI) is brain damage caused by events after birth, rather than as part of a genetic or congenital disorder. It usually affects cognitive, physical, emotional, social or independent functioning. ABIs can result from either a traumatic brain injury or a non-traumatic injury such as stroke, infection or substance abuse.
Body-focused repetitive behavior (BFRB) is an umbrella name for impulse control [1] behaviors involving compulsively damaging one's physical appearance or causing physical injury. [2] Body-focused repetitive behavior disorders (BFRBDs) in ICD-11 is in development. [3] BFRB disorders are currently estimated to be under the obsessive-compulsive ...
PBA is most commonly observed in people with neurologic injuries such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke, [19] [21] and neurologic diseases such as dementias including Alzheimer's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), [5] [22] multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Parkinson's disease (PD).
These events may include antisocial behaviors, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and sleep disturbances. [3] Additionally, children whose mothers have experienced traumatic or stressful events during pregnancy have an increased risk of mental health disorders and other neurodevelopmental disorders. [3]