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In countries using the chorleywood bread process, such as in the UK, bread is a source of isoflavones from soy. [ 11 ] In plant tissue , they most often occur as glycosides or their respective malonates or acetyl conjugates, [ 6 ] rendering them even more water-soluble (see isoflavone-7-O-beta-glucoside 6"-O-malonyltransferase ).
Equol (4',7-isoflavandiol) is an isoflavandiol [1] estrogen metabolized from daidzein, a type of isoflavone found in soybeans and other plant sources, by bacterial flora in the intestines. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] While endogenous estrogenic hormones such as estradiol are steroids , equol is a nonsteroidal estrogen .
Daidzein can be found in food such as soybeans and soy products like tofu and textured vegetable protein. Soy isoflavones are a group of compounds found in and isolated from the soybean. Of note, total isoflavones in soybeans are—in general—37 percent daidzein, 57 percent genistein and 6 percent glycitein, according to USDA data. [5]
The soybean, soy bean, or soya bean (Glycine max) [3] is a species of legume native to East Asia, widely grown for its edible bean, which has numerous uses. Traditional unfermented food uses of soybeans include soy milk, from which tofu and tofu skin are made. Fermented soy foods include soy sauce, fermented bean paste, nattō, and tempeh.
Isoflavones such as genistein and daidzein are found in a number of plants including lupin, fava beans, soybeans, kudzu, and psoralea being the primary food source, [4] [5] also in the medicinal plants, Flemingia vestita [6] and F. macrophylla, [7] [8] and coffee. [9] It can also be found in Maackia amurensis cell cultures. [10]
Formononetin is found in a number of plants and herbs such as red clover. [1] Along with other phytoestrogens, it predominantly occurs in leguminous plants and Fabaceae, particularly in beans, such as green beans, lima beans, soy and many others, as the free aglycone or in form of its glucoside ononin.