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Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
One of their recent publications was a 2019 meta-analysis of menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk based on type and timing of therapy. [1] In 2012, the group concluded in a meta-analysis of 117 studies that the incidence of breast cancer was increased by each year younger at menarche and each year older at menopause. [4]
The use of high-dose estrogen therapy in breast cancer has mostly been superseded by antiestrogen therapy due to the improved safety profile of the latter. [17] High-dose estrogen therapy was the standard of care for the palliative treatment of breast cancer in women up to the late 1970s or early 1980s. [18
[151] [153] In addition to breast cancer risk, estrogen alone and estrogen plus progestogen therapy are associated with higher breast cancer mortality. [154] With 20 years of use, breast cancer incidence is about 1.5-fold higher with estrogen alone and about 2.5-fold higher with estrogen plus progestogen therapy relative to non-use. [151]
The study was prematurely terminated when previously unexpected risks were discovered, specifically the finding that though the all-cause mortality was not affected by the hormone therapy, the benefits of menopausal hormone therapy (reduced risk of hip fracture, colorectal and endometrial cancer and all other causes of death) were offset by ...
Some evidence exists supporting a link between hormonal treatment for infertility and a reduced risk of breast cancer, but these benefits may not translate to women seeking relief from the symptoms of menopause Progesterone therapy can prevent cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis, and raise high-density lipoprotein
[3] [4] It is also the most common form of breast cancer occurring in men, accounting for 85% of cases. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The incidence of ductal carcinomas as a whole is 86.3 cases per 100,000 women, with the incidence increasing sharply for women over 40 years of age and peaking at 285.6 cases per 100,000 for women between 70 and 79.
Average number of moderate-to-severe hot flashes per week with placebo and different doses of oral estradiol in menopausal women [40] [41]. Estradiol is used in menopausal hormone therapy to prevent and treat moderate to severe menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness and atrophy, and osteoporosis (bone loss). [11]
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