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The three Rs[1] are three basic skills taught in schools: reading, writing and arithmetic (the " R 's", pronounced in the English alphabet " AR s", refer to " R eading, w R iting (where the W is unnecessary), and AR ithmetic"). [2] The phrase appears to have been coined at the beginning of the 19th century.
The Common Core State Standards Initiative, also known as simply Common Core, was an American, multi-state educational initiative begun in 2010 with the goal of increasing consistency across state standards, or what K–12 students throughout the United States should know in English language arts and mathematics at the conclusion of each school grade.
Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch. [1] [2] [3] [4]For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.
NAEP reading assessment results are reported as average scores on a 0–500 scale. [42] The Basic Level is 208 and the Proficient Level is 238. [43] The average reading score for grade-four public school students was 219. [44] Female students had an average score that was 7 points higher than male students.
Balanced literacy is a theory of teaching reading and writing the English language that arose in the 1990s and has a variety of interpretations. For some, balanced literacy strikes a balance between whole language and phonics and puts an end to the so called reading wars. Others say balanced literacy, in practice, usually means the whole ...
www.literacyworldwide.org. The International Literacy Association (ILA), formerly the International Reading Association (IRA), is an international global advocacy and member professional organization that was created in 1956 to improve reading instruction, facilitate dialogue about research on reading, and encourage the habit of reading across ...