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Satish Chandra; Yoshihiko Ohama (1994). "Freeze-Thaw resistance". Polymers in Concrete. CRC Press. pp. 40–42. ISBN 9780849348150. J. Marchand; Michel Pigeon; M. Setzer (1997). Freeze–thaw Durability of Concrete. Proceedings of the International Workshop in the Resistance of Concrete to Scaling Due to Freezing in the Presence of De-icing ...
With stability testing, pharmaceutical industry inspects the quality of drug substances and drug products as per the guidelines outlined by US Food and Drug Administration and International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use to make sure that they retained the quality over the period of time.
Despite its durability, maintenance, repair techniques, and abrasive cleaners can cause damage to the concrete. Environmental factors are the main cause of concrete deterioration, mainly the freeze-thaw cycles that allow moisture to be absorbed into the concrete, causing cracks, erosion, corrosion, deflection, and spalling.
Freeze-drying causes less damage to the substance than other dehydration methods using higher temperatures. Nutrient factors that are sensitive to heat are lost less in the process as compared to the processes incorporating heat treatment for drying purposes. [2] Freeze-drying does not usually cause shrinkage or toughening of the material being ...
Concrete produced by carbonation curing also shows superior performance when subject to physical degradations, e.g., freeze-thaw damage, particularly due to a pore densification effect enabled by the precipitation of carbonation products [38] The vast majority of CO 2 emissions from concrete come from cement manufacturing. Therefore, methods to ...
Freeze-fracture is a natural occurrence leading to processes like erosion of the earths crust or simply deterioration of food via freeze-thaw cycles. [1] [2] To investigate the process further freeze-fracture is artificially induced to view in detail the properties of materials. Fracture during freezing is often the result of crystallizing ...
The mechanical stability, freeze-thaw stability and shelf-life of paints are all improved by the addition of surfactants. The addition of surfactants to paint also allow the paint to coat a surface more easily because surfactants increase the wetting of a solution.
In construction, the thaw depth is a major factor in ensuring the structural integrity of the objects in question. The primary factor that determines the thaw depth is the maximal air temperature. The soil type is another important factor: coarser textures of the parent material have higher thermal conductivity , and, e.g., sandy soils have ...