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Dung beetle rolling a ball of dung in the Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa. Dung beetles live in many habitats, including desert, grasslands and savannas, [10] farmlands, and native and planted forests. [11] They are highly influenced by the environmental context, [2] and do not prefer extremely cold or dry weather.
Upon completing the pupal stage, the beetle becomes a fully developed adult. In the final phase of the dung beetle's life cycle, adults are ready to relocate to a fresh dung pad to initiate the cycle once more. They must then locate a mate for pair bonding and begin the process of preparing a new nesting environment. [7]
These beetles are small scarab beetles, most less than 8 millimeters long. Many have small mandibles that are covered by a widened clypeus, the exoskeleton plate above the mouth. The feet are clawed. [1] This is a diverse subfamily with varied life strategies and habitat types. Many species are dung beetles, which collect and feed on animal dung.
Because P. vindex is member of the Scarabaeinae sub-family, they are considered to be “true dung beetles” and feed exclusively on fecal excrement through all stages of their life cycle. While they do prefer to feed on dung from pasture animals, rainbow scarabs do sometimes feed on wild animal feces in more forestal areas.
Euoniticellus intermedius (also known as the Northern Sandy Dung Beetle) is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] E. intermedius is native to Southeastern Africa but has spread to the United States, Mexico, and Australia. [ 3 ]
Onthophagus is a genus of dung beetles in the Onthophagini tribe of the wider scarab beetle family, Scarabaeidae. [4] It is the most species-rich and widespread genus in the subfamily Scarabaeinae (the 'true' dung beetles), with a global distribution.
Onthophagus cervus, is a species of dung beetle found in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Thailand. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Description
Geotrupes stercorarius is a species of earth-boring dung beetle. Its common name is the dor beetle, or, the dumbledore, [1] and is common throughout Europe. [2] The beetle is up to 2.5 cm (1 in) long. The whole beetle is weakly lustrous and darkly colored, sometimes with a bluish sheen. The body shape is very compact and arched toward the top.