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The Three Rs (3Rs) are guiding principles for more ethical use of animals in product testing and scientific research. They were first described by W. M. S. Russell and R. L. Burch in 1959. [1] The 3Rs are: Replacement: methods which avoid the use of animals in research
They adopted policy documents on the 3Rs, such as the concept paper on the Need for Revision of the Position on the Replacement of Animal Studies by in vitro Models [9] (CPMP/SWP/728/95) from the EMA Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use, the EFSA opinion on Existing approaches incorporating replacement, reduction and refinement of ...
Rather than merely setting out policy options in a descriptive way, it evaluates policies from different perspectives. This enables readers to gain a thorough understanding of important principles and current policies, and also to be able to apply the various principles and critically evaluate them. [citation needed]
When designing a wildlife monitoring strategy, it is important to minimize harm to the animal and implement the 3Rs principles (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement). [58] In wildlife research, this can be done through the use of non-invasive methods, sharing samples and data with other research groups, or optimizing traps to prevent injuries ...
Environmental policy is the commitment of an organization or government to the laws, regulations, and other policy mechanisms concerning environmental issues.These issues generally include air and water pollution, waste management, ecosystem management, maintenance of biodiversity, the management of natural resources, wildlife and endangered species. [1]
The Three Rs (3Rs) are guiding principles for more ethical use of animals in testing. These were first described by W.M.S. Russell and R.L. Burch in 1959. [141] The 3Rs state: Replacement which refers to the preferred use of non-animal methods over animal methods whenever it is possible to achieve the same scientific aims.
The National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs, pronounced as "N C 3 Rs") is a British organization with the goal of reducing the number of animals used in scientific research.
Guiding principles for more ethical use of animals in testing are the Three Rs (3Rs) first described by Russell and Burch in 1959. [6] These principles are now followed in many testing establishments worldwide. Replacement refers to the preferred use of non-animal methods over animal methods whenever it is possible to achieve the same ...