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In Catholic moral theology, probabilism provides a way of answering the question about what to do when one does not know what to do. Probabilism proposes that one can follow an authoritative opinion regarding whether an act may be performed morally, even though the opposite opinion is more probable.
So, Aquinas believes that the atonement is God's solution to two problems. Christ's passion and death, insofar as they serve to make satisfaction, are the solution to the problem of past sin; and, insofar as Christ merits grace by his passion and death, they are the solution to the problem of future sin. [15]
Chapter 40 concludes it is impossible to make good decisions all the time because we can never know enough about the world, and the consequences of our actions. Hence, ethics can never emulate the scientific revolution by offering a simple set of rules for every situation, similar to those derived by Newton.
Gradualism recognizes elements of good in what on the whole is blameworthy, so as to encourage steps towards greater perfection, instead of simply chastising people for their mistakes. [2] In this sense, gradualism is recognition that even in matters of grave evil there can be gradations of objective depravity, although the grave evil does not ...
Advance directives that are contrary to Catholic teaching are prohibited. Catholic institutions must make information about advance directives available in compliance with federal law. [15] Infertility treatment is permitted only within marriage, and only as long as it does not "substitute for the marriage act."
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Catholic social doctrine is rooted in the social teachings of the New Testament, [11] the Church Fathers, [12] the Old Testament, and Hebrew scriptures. [13] [14] The church responded to historical conditions in medieval and early modern Europe with philosophical and theological teachings on social justice which considered the nature of humanity, society, economy, and politics. [15]
Catholicism teaches that Jesus Christ, "the Word made Flesh" (), is the source of divine revelation and, as the Truth, he is infallible. [8] The Second Vatican Council states, "For this reason Jesus perfected revelation by fulfilling it through His whole work of making Himself present and manifesting Himself: through His words and deeds, His signs and wonders, but especially through His death ...