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Yoga philosophy is one of the six major important schools of Hindu philosophy, [1] [2] though it is only at the end of the first millennium CE that Yoga is mentioned as a separate school of thought in Indian texts, distinct from Samkhya. [3] [4] [web 1] Ancient, medieval and most modern literature often refers to Yoga-philosophy simply as Yoga.
Statue of Patañjali, its traditional snake form indicating kundalini or an incarnation of Shesha. The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali (IAST: Patañjali yoga-sūtras) is a compilation "from a variety of sources" [1] of Sanskrit sutras on the practice of yoga – 195 sutras (according to Vyāsa and Krishnamacharya) and 196 sutras (according to others, including BKS Iyengar).
According to Dasgupta – a scholar of Sanskrit and philosophy, the term yoga can be derived from either of two roots, yujir yoga (to yoke) or yuj samādhau (to concentrate). [16] Yogatattva is compound word of "Yoga" and 'tattva', the latter meaning "Truth", [9] or "Reality, That-ness". [17]
Book 3 of Patanjali's Yogasutra is dedicated to soteriological aspects of yoga philosophy. Patanjali begins by stating that all limbs of yoga are a necessary foundation to reaching the state of self-awareness, freedom and liberation.
The Yoga Vasistha is a syncretic work, containing elements of Advaita Vedanta, Yoga, Samkhya, Jainism, Pratyabhijña, Saivite Trika, and Mahayana Buddhism, thus making it, according to Chapple, "a Hindu text par excellence, including, as does Hinduism, a mosaic-style amalgam of diverse and sometimes opposing traditions".
The third concept which the Yoga Sutras synthesize is the ascetic tradition of meditation and introspection. [176] Patanjali's Yoga Sutras are considered the first compilation of yoga philosophy. [note 13] The verses of the Yoga Sutras are terse.
The Yogashikha is an ancient text, states Mircea Eliade, who suggests a relative chronology.He dates it to the same period when the following Hindu texts were composed – Maitri Upanishad, the didactic parts of the Mahabharata, the chief Sannyasa Upanishads and along with other early Yoga Upanishads such as Brahmabindu, Brahmavidya, Tejobindu, Yogatattva, Nadabindu, Kshurika, Dhyanabindu and ...
Yogācāra philosophy is primarily meant to aid in the practice of yoga and meditation and thus it also sets forth a systematic analysis of the Mahayana path of mental training (see five paths pañcamārga). [8]