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Hydraulic head or piezometric head is a measurement related to liquid pressure (normalized by specific weight) and the liquid elevation above a vertical datum. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is usually measured as an equivalent liquid surface elevation, expressed in units of length, at the entrance (or bottom) of a piezometer .
The standard method for measuring pore water pressure below the water table employs a piezometer, which measures the height to which a column of the liquid rises against gravity; i.e., the static pressure (or piezometric head) of groundwater at a specific depth. [6] Piezometers often employ electronic pressure transducers to provide data.
h = z + p / ρg is the piezometric head or hydraulic head (the sum of the elevation z and the pressure head) [11] [12] and; p 0 = p + q is the stagnation pressure (the sum of the static pressure p and dynamic pressure q). [13] The constant in the Bernoulli equation can be normalized.
By definition, different streamlines at the same instant in a flow do not intersect, because a fluid particle cannot have two different velocities at the same point. Pathlines are allowed to intersect themselves or other pathlines (except the starting and end points of the different pathlines, which need to be distinct).
Hydraulic head (or piezometric head) is a specific measurement of the potential of water above a vertical datum. [7] It is the height of the free surface of water above a given point beneath the surface. [4] Pumping level is the level of water in the well during pumping. [8] Specific capacity is the well yield per unit of drawdown. [8]
For groundwater "potentiometric surface" is a synonym of "piezometric surface" which is an imaginary surface that defines the level to which water in a confined aquifer would rise were it completely pierced with wells. [1] If the potentiometric surface lies above the ground surface, a flowing artesian well results.
In 2013–2014 Atangana et al. described some groundwater flow problems using the concept of a derivative with fractional order. [51] [52] In these works, the classical Darcy law is generalized by regarding the water flow as a function of a non-integer order derivative of the piezometric head. This generalized law and the law of conservation of ...
A mathematical problem is a problem that can be represented, analyzed, and possibly solved, with the methods of mathematics. This can be a real-world problem, such as computing the orbits of the planets in the solar system, or a problem of a more abstract nature, such as Hilbert's problems .