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Since the late 1980s, populist experiences emerged in Spain around the figures of José María Ruiz Mateos, Jesús Gil and Mario Conde, businessmen who entered politics chiefly to defend their personal economic interests, but by the turn of the millennium their proposals had proved to meet a limited support at the ballots at the national level.
According to Moffitt, this is why populism can appear across a number of different ideological spectrums on the left and right. Populism has no political ideology; it is only a political style. [150] Moffitt notes that populism as a political style has certain features which define it. The first of these features is "the people" versus "the elite".
Historian Tom Devine has argued that the experience of deindustrialisation had a particular impact on trust in the Conservative party among residents of Scotland and pushed political attitudes in a more left-wing, economically interventionist direction contributing to support for Scottish Independence in the 21st Century. [55]
The Big Society was a sociopolitical concept [1] of the first 15 years of the 21st century, developed by the populist Steve Hilton, [2] that sought to integrate free market economics with a conservative paternalist conception of the social contract [3] that was influenced by the 1990s civic conservatism of David Willetts. [4]
Right-wing populism, also called national populism and right populism, [1] [2] [3] is a political ideology that combines right-wing politics with populist rhetoric and themes. Its rhetoric employs anti- elitist sentiments, opposition to the Establishment , and speaking to or for the common people .
It has been argued that anti-politics played a part in the referendum. Marsh argues that 'the distrust of the political elite' is an important feature of anti-politics. [83] Furthermore, Marsh relates this to populism, stating that the 'distrust in the political elite was particularly evident in the campaign'. [84]
Popular democracy is a notion of direct democracy based on referendums and other devices of empowerment and concretization of popular will. The concept evolved out of the political philosophy of populism, as a fully democratic version of this popular empowerment ideology, but since it has become independent of it, and some even discuss if they are antagonistic or unrelated now ().
Left-wing populism, also called social populism, is a political ideology that combines left-wing politics with populist rhetoric and themes. Its rhetoric often includes elements of anti- elitism , opposition to the Establishment , and speaking for the " common people ". [ 1 ]