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Parallel transport of a vector around a closed loop (from A to N to B and back to A) on the sphere. The angle by which it twists, , is proportional to the area inside the loop. In differential geometry, parallel transport (or parallel translation [a]) is a way of transporting geometrical data along smooth curves in a manifold.
Graphical interpretation of the parallel operator with =.. The parallel operator ‖ (pronounced "parallel", [1] following the parallel lines notation from geometry; [2] [3] also known as reduced sum, parallel sum or parallel addition) is a binary operation which is used as a shorthand in electrical engineering, [4] [5] [6] [nb 1] but is also used in kinetics, fluid mechanics and financial ...
the distance between the two lines is the distance between the two intersection points of these lines with the perpendicular line y = − x / m . {\displaystyle y=-x/m\,.} This distance can be found by first solving the linear systems
Because parallel lines in a Euclidean plane are equidistant there is a unique distance between the two parallel lines. Given the equations of two non-vertical, non-horizontal parallel lines, = + = +, the distance between the two lines can be found by locating two points (one on each line) that lie on a common perpendicular to the parallel lines ...
This maximum is attained for simple arrangements, those in which each two lines cross at a vertex that is disjoint from all the other lines. The number of vertices is smaller when some lines are parallel, or when some vertices are crossed by more than two lines. [4] An arrangement can be rotated, if necessary, to avoid axis-parallel lines.
Fix a curve : [,] with () = and () =. to parallel transport a vector to a vector in along , first extend to a vector field parallel along , and then take the value of this vector field at . The images below show parallel transport induced by the Levi-Civita connection associated to two different Riemannian metrics on the punctured plane R 2 ∖ ...
A two-terminal graph (TTG) is a graph with two distinguished vertices, s and t called source and sink, respectively. The parallel composition Pc = Pc(X,Y) of two TTGs X and Y is a TTG created from the disjoint union of graphs X and Y by merging the sources of X and Y to create the source of Pc and merging the sinks of X and Y to create the sink ...
For any vector r 0, consider r(t) = A(t)r 0 and differentiate it: = = () The derivative of a vector is the linear velocity of its tip. Since A is a rotation matrix, by definition the length of r ( t ) is always equal to the length of r 0 , and hence it does not change with time.