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Severity of the disease depends on quantity of organisms ingested, other gastrointestinal pathogens present, prior exposure and the immune system of the animal. [23] Since the optimal growth temperature, and pH for Campylobacter species are between 37 and 42 °C, and 6.5–7.5 respectively, the GI tract provides a good environment for its ...
It requires a minimum of 2 days and maximum of several weeks to culture gastrointestinal pathogens. The sensitivity (true positive) and specificity (true negative) rates for stool culture vary by pathogen, although a number of human pathogens can not be cultured. For culture-positive samples, antimicrobial resistance testing takes an additional ...
In 2008, multiplex-PCR was used for analysis of microsatellites and SNPs. [3] In 2020, RT-PCR multiplex assays were designed that combined multiple gene targets from the Center for Diseases and Control in a single reaction to increase molecular testing accessibility and throughput for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics.
Molecular diagnostics are also used to understand the specific strain of the pathogen—for example by detecting which drug resistance genes it possesses—and hence which therapies to avoid. [ 37 ] [ 36 ] In addition, assays based on metagenomic next generation sequencing can be implemented to identify pathogenic organisms without bias.
The test uses multi-panel syndromic assays that allow the simultaneous detection of a number of agents, increasing the accuracy of tests for microbial agents. [3] The first multiplex panel for syndromic testing to be approved by the FDA received approval in 2008, [ 4 ] [ 5 ] and since, panels for several potential pathogens have been approved.
Genetic testing, such as via polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA microarray, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification, may be used to detect whether bacteria possess genes which confer antibiotic resistance. [9] [23] An example is the use of PCR to detect the mecA gene for beta-lactam resistant Staphylococcus aureus. [9]
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