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Awnings were first used by the ancient Egyptian and Syrian civilizations. They are described as "woven mats" that shaded market stalls and homes. A Roman poet Lucretius, in 50 BC, said "Linen-awning, stretched, over mighty theatres, gives forth at times, a cracking roar, when much 'tis beaten about, betwixt the poles and cross-beams".
Surviving graffiti in Pompeii [1] advertise that next games will have awnings (Vela erunt). [2] Velarium is visible in the background in Jean-Léon Gérôme's painting Ave Caesar! Morituri te salutant Model of the Colosseum with its velarium in the Museum of Roman Civilization. A velarium ("curtain") [3] was a type of awning used in Roman times.
The word comes from the ancient Greek κωνώπειον (konópeion, "cover to keep insects off"), from κώνωψ (kónops, "cone-face"), which is a bahuvrihi compound meaning "mosquito". The first 'o' changing into 'a' may be due to influence from the place name Canopus, Egypt thought of as a place of luxuries.
A window is an opening in a wall, door, roof, or vehicle that allows the exchange of light and may also allow the passage of sound and sometimes air.Modern windows are usually glazed or covered in some other transparent or translucent material, a sash set in a frame [1] in the opening; the sash and frame are also referred to as a window. [2]
The Lapis Niger (Latin, "Black Stone") is an ancient shrine in the Roman Forum. Together with the associated Vulcanal (a sanctuary to Vulcan) it constitutes the only surviving remnants of the old Comitium, an early assembly area that preceded the Forum and is thought to derive from an archaic cult site of the 7th or 8th century BC.
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This idea was widely used in ancient Greece and has influenced many cultures, including most Western cultures. Porticos are sometimes topped with pediments. Palladio was a pioneer of using temple-fronts for secular buildings. In the UK, the temple-front applied to The Vyne, Hampshire, was the first portico applied to an English country house.
The theatre was equipped with a velarium, a kind of awning that could be drawn over the cavea to provide shade for the audience. Poles set into corbels around the cavea supported the velarium. Some of these corbels (each with a hole where the pole would be set) are well preserved in the Volterra theatre. [16]