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Only if the two products satisfy the three conditions, will they be classified as close substitutes according to economic theory. The opposite of a substitute good is a complementary good, these are goods that are dependent on another. An example of complementary goods are cereal and milk. An example of substitute goods are tea and coffee.
In economics and game theory, the decisions of two or more players are called strategic complements if they mutually reinforce one another, and they are called strategic substitutes if they mutually offset one another. These terms were originally coined by Bulow, Geanakoplos, and Klemperer (1985).
In economics, a complementary good is a good whose appeal increases with the popularity of its complement. [ further explanation needed ] Technically, it displays a negative cross elasticity of demand and that demand for it increases when the price of another good decreases. [ 1 ]
< implies two goods are complements. Consumers purchase less B when the price of A increases. Consumers purchase less B when the price of A increases. Example: the cross elasticity of demand of entertainment with respect to food is −0.72, so 1% increase in the price of food will decrease the demand for entertainment by 0.72%.
In this case, the goods are gross complements. Conversely, when the elasticity of substitution is greater than one, the second effect dominates: the reduction in relative quantity exceeds the increase in relative price, so that relative expenditure on falls. In this case, the goods are gross substitutes.
Goods considered complements or substitutes are relative associations and should not be understood in a vacuum. The degree to which a good is a substitute or a complement depends on its relationship to other goods, rather than an intrinsic characteristic, and can be measured as cross elasticity of demand by employing statistical techniques such ...
Paul Krugman, a Nobel Memorial Prize laureate and economics professor at CUNY's Graduate Center "For the most part, immigrants are complements, not substitutes, for native-born workers," Krugman ...
Constant elasticity of substitution (CES) is a common specification of many production functions and utility functions in neoclassical economics. CES holds that the ability to substitute one input factor with another (for example labour with capital) to maintain the same level of production stays constant over different production levels.