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Solar PV and wind turbines have a capacity factor limited by the availability of their "fuel", sunshine and wind respectively. A hydroelectricity plant may have a capacity factor lower than 100% due to restriction or scarcity of water, or its output may be regulated to match the current power need, conserving its stored water for later usage.
According to Betz's law, no wind turbine of any mechanism can capture more than 16/27 (59.3%) of the kinetic energy in wind. The factor 16/27 (0.593) is known as Betz's coefficient. Practical utility-scale wind turbines achieve at peak 75–80% of the Betz limit. [2] [3] The Betz limit is based on an open-disk actuator.
In 2010, the US Energy Information Agency said "offshore wind power is the most expensive energy generating technology being considered for large scale deployment". [5] The 2010 state of offshore wind power presented economic challenges significantly greater than onshore systems, with prices in the range of 2.5-3.0 million Euro/MW. [36]
Small-scale wind power is the name given to wind generation systems with the capacity to produce up to 50 kW of electrical power. [104] Isolated communities, that may otherwise rely on diesel generators, may use wind turbines as an alternative.
A wind turbine is a device ... It was reported to have an annual capacity factor of ... the 360-degree rotation of the aerofoil within the wind flow during each ...
The following table lists these data for each country: total generation from wind in terawatt-hours, percent of that country's generation that was wind, total wind capacity in gigawatts, percent growth in wind capacity, and; the wind capacity factor for that year. Data are sourced from Ember and refer to the year 2023 unless otherwise specified ...
The capacity factor is the ratio of power actually produced divided by the nameplate capacity of the turbines. The overall average capacity factor for wind generation in the US increased from 31.7% in 2008, to 32.3% in 2013. [41]
The power law is often used in wind power assessments [4] [5] where wind speeds at the height of a turbine ( 50 metres) must be estimated from near surface wind observations (~10 metres), or where wind speed data at various heights must be adjusted to a standard height [6] prior to use.