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English orthography comprises the set of rules used when writing the English language, [1] [2] allowing readers and writers to associate written graphemes with the sounds of spoken English, as well as other features of the language. [3] English's orthography includes norms for spelling, hyphenation, capitalisation, word breaks, emphasis, and ...
This rule is much more relaxed than the -our rule, with kilometer (kilometre) being quite acceptable while meager (meagre) and somber (sombre) may not even be noticed. While the United States uses the Anglo-French spelling defen se and offen se (noun), most Canadians use the British spellings defen ce and offen ce .
The spelling of these ends with -s, -se, -z, -ze, -ce, -x, or -xe. Most respected authorities recommend that practically all singular nouns, including those ending with a sibilant sound, have possessive forms with an extra s after the apostrophe so that the spelling
[41] This is a reverse of the typical rule, where British spelling uses the ae/oe and American spelling simply uses e. Words that can be spelled either way in British English include cham a eleon , encyclop a edia , hom o eopathy , medi a eval (a minor variant in both AmE and BrE [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] ), f o etid and f o etus .
The variants that change '-æ' or '-ae' to '-s' are not variants in spelling, but the same meaning of the word with a different way of forming plurals. ^ "caesium" (see article) is preferred by the IUPAC. Also, ligatures may be used in personal names as well, i.e. Maecenus as Mæcenus etc.
In an English-speaking country, Standard English (SE) is the variety of English that has undergone codification to the point of being socially perceived as the standard language, associated with formal schooling, language assessment, and official print publications, such as public service announcements and newspapers of record, etc. [1] All linguistic features are subject to the effects of ...
Such rules are warnings against common pitfalls for the unwary. Nevertheless, selection among competing correspondences has never been, and could never be, covered by such aids to memory. The converse of the "except after c" part is Carney's spelling-to-sound rule E.16: in the sequence cei , the ei is pronounced /iː/. [29]
The following is a handy reference for editors, listing various common spelling differences between national varieties of English. Please note: If you are not familiar with a spelling, please do some research before changing it – it may be your misunderstanding rather than a mistake, especially in the case of American and British English spelling differences.