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The resulting identity is one of the most commonly used in mathematics. Among many uses, it gives a simple proof of the AM–GM inequality in two variables. The proof holds in any commutative ring. Conversely, if this identity holds in a ring R for all pairs of elements a and b, then R is commutative. To see this, apply the distributive law to ...
Fermat's little theorem and some proofs; Gödel's completeness theorem and its original proof; Mathematical induction and a proof; Proof that 0.999... equals 1; Proof that 22/7 exceeds π; Proof that e is irrational; Proof that π is irrational; Proof that the sum of the reciprocals of the primes diverges
An elementary proof is a proof which only uses basic techniques. More specifically, the term is used in number theory to refer to proofs that make no use of complex analysis . For some time it was thought that certain theorems, like the prime number theorem , could only be proved using "higher" mathematics.
It was first conjectured in 1939 by Ott-Heinrich Keller, [1] and widely publicized by Shreeram Abhyankar, as an example of a difficult question in algebraic geometry that can be understood using little beyond a knowledge of calculus. The Jacobian conjecture is notorious for the large number of attempted proofs that turned out to contain subtle ...
The key to the argument is the following Claim. The set V of all elements a of D such that a 2 ≤ 0 is a vector subspace of D of dimension n − 1. Moreover D = R ⊕ V as R-vector spaces, which implies that V generates D as an algebra. Proof of Claim: Pick a in D with characteristic polynomial p(x). By the fundamental theorem of algebra, we ...
The classical proof is straightforward but relies on Ado's theorem, whose proof is algebraic and highly non-trivial. [2] Ado's theorem states that any finite-dimensional Lie algebra can be represented by matrices. As a consequence, integrating such algebra of matrices via the matrix exponential yields a Lie group integrating the original Lie ...
In mathematics, the Pythagorean theorem or Pythagoras' theorem is a fundamental relation in Euclidean geometry between the three sides of a right triangle.It states that the area of the square whose side is the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares on the other two sides.
Italian school of algebraic geometry. Most gaps in proofs are caused either by a subtle technical oversight, or before the 20th century by a lack of precise definitions. A major exception to this is the Italian school of algebraic geometry in the first half of the 20th century, where lower standards of rigor gradually became acceptable.