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The genus name Nigella is a diminutive of the Latin niger "black", referring to the seed color. [6] [7] The specific epithet sativa means "cultivated".[6]In English, Nigella sativa and its seed are variously called black caraway, black seed, black cumin, fennel flower, nigella, nutmeg flower, Roman coriander, [3] [6] black onion seed [8] and kalonji.
Thiruvalluvar, one of the greatest authors in Indian history, wrote Thirukkural more than 2000 years ago. The Thirukkural is one of the most revered ancient works in the Tamil language. It is considered a 'common creed', providing a guide for human morals and betterment in life. The Thirukkural has been translated into several languages."
The first English translation by a native scholar (i.e., scholar who is a native speaker of Tamil) was made in 1915 by T. Tirunavukkarasu, who translated 366 couplets into English. The first complete English translation by a native scholar was made the following year by V. V. S. Aiyar , who translated the entire work in prose.
According to Tamil legends, Murugan was the brave warrior who defeated the powerful demon Surapadman, [5] and was seen as being the epitome of youth, compassion and beauty. Arunagirinathar's songs build on this tradition, hailing Murugan as the source of all knowledge, who even gave saintly advice to his father, Shiva.
Thus, no translation can perfectly reflect the true nature of any given couplet of the Kural unless read and understood in its original Tamil form. [18] Added to this inherent difficulty is the attempt by some scholars to either read their own ideas into the Kural couplets or deliberately misinterpret the message to make it conform to their ...
'sacred verses'), or shortly the Kural (Tamil: குறள்), is a classic Tamil language text on commoner's morality consisting of 1,330 short couplets, or kurals, of seven words each. [4] The text is divided into three books with aphoristic teachings on virtue ( aram ), wealth ( porul ) and love ( inbam ), respectively.
The Tirumurukarruppatai has 312 akaval meter verses, states Zvelebil. [6] According to Francis, the critical editor has 317 verses. [7] It describes the beauty and the warrior nature of Murugan, six sacred shrine regions of Murugan, legends such as the killing of Surapadma, his six faces and the twelve arms along with their functions.
John Lazarus (1845–1925) was a Christian missionary to India who rendered the Tirukkural into English.He revised the work of his predecessor William Henry Drew, who had already translated the first 63 chapters (out of the total of 133 chapters) of the Tirukkural, and translated the remaining portion of the Kural text.