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Saul (/ s ɔː l /; Hebrew: שָׁאוּל , Šāʾūl; Greek: Σαούλ, Saoúl; transl. "asked/prayed for") was a monarch of ancient Israel and Judah and, according to the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament, the first king of the United Monarchy, a polity of uncertain historicity.
In the biblical narrative, he is the eldest son of King Saul of the Kingdom of Israel, and a close friend of David. He is described as having great strength and swiftness ( 2 Samuel 1:23 ) and excelling in archery ( 1 Samuel 20:20 , 2 Samuel 1:22 ) and slinging ( 1 Chronicles 12:2 ).
There is reason to believe that several sections of this narrative were later additions. The main purpose of this narrative is a defense of David's legitimacy as a king, through a translatio imperii (Latin for "transfer of rule") from Saul to David. [1] The narrative makes three arguments concerning David's legitimacy as a king.
The lot fell to the king's family and specifically with Jonathan. Although Jonathan and Saul were willing to accept the verdict, the Israel soldiers insisted to spare Jonathan's life (verse 44). The account closes with a more positive note on Saul as a successful leader (verses 47–48) and the head of a household (verses 49–51). [29]
Throughout the monarchy of Saul, the capital is in Gibeah. After Saul's death, Ish-bosheth rules over the Kingdom of Israel from Mahanaim, and David establishes the capital of the Kingdom of Judah in Hebron. [65] After the civil war with Saul, David forges a powerful and unified Israelite monarchy and rules from c. 1000 to 961 BCE. [66]
The article deals with the biblical and historical kings of the Land of Israel—Abimelech of Sichem, the three kings of the United Kingdom of Israel and those of its successor states, Israel and Judah, followed in the Second Temple period, part of classical antiquity, by the kingdoms ruled by the Hasmonean and Herodian dynasties.
Samuel's mother was Hannah and his father was Elkanah.Elkanah lived at Ramathaim in the district of Zuph. [4] [5] His genealogy is also found in a pedigree of the Kohathites (1 Chronicles 6:3–15) and in that of Heman the Ezrahite, apparently his grandson (1 Chronicles 6:18–33).
David became king. The covenant the two men had formed eventually led to David, after Jonathan's death, graciously seating Jonathan's son Mephibosheth at his own royal table instead of eradicating the former king Saul's line. The biblical text does not explicitly depict the nature of the relationship between David and Jonathan.