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The Roman tuba (plural: tubae), or trumpet [1] [2] was a military signal instrument used by the ancient Roman military and in religious rituals. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] They would signal troop movements such as retreating, [ 6 ] attacking, or charging, [ 7 ] [ 8 ] as well as when guards should mount, sleep, [ 9 ] or change posts.
The Roman tuba was probably a direct ancestor of both the Western trumpet and the Western horn. (The modern tuba , which shares its name with the Roman tuba, however, is a recent invention.) The cornu was a horn about 3 m (10 ft) long, with a wide, conical bore; it was made of bronze and took the form of a letter G.
The Roman tuba was a long, straight bronze trumpet with a detachable, conical mouthpiece like that of the modern French horn. Extant examples are about 1.3 meters long, and have a cylindrical bore from the mouthpiece to the point where the bell flares abruptly, [ 94 ] similar to the modern straight trumpet seen in presentations of 'period music'.
The trumpet is a brass instrument commonly used in classical and jazz ensembles.The trumpet group ranges from the piccolo trumpet—with the highest register in the brass family—to the bass trumpet, pitched one octave below the standard B ♭ or C trumpet.
These celtic trumpets are dissimilar to Roman trumpets that are not described as having a "monster headed extremity". [12] The Celtic or Gaulic carnyx was used by the Celts in a similar way to how a standard functioned for the Romans and there is an example of a Dragon-headed carnyx in the base of Trajan's Column . [ 13 ]
Then Europeans took a step that hadn't been part of trumpet making since the Roman (buccina and cornu); they figured out how to bend tubes without ruining them and by the 1400s were experimenting with new instruments. [3] [7] Whole lines of brass instruments were created, including initially examples like the clarion and the natural trumpet. [8]
Roman ensigns, standards, trumpets etc. Roman military personal equipment was produced in large numbers to established patterns, and used in an established manner. These standard patterns and uses were called the res militaris or disciplina.
A fanfare trumpet, also called a herald trumpet, is a brass instrument similar to but longer than a regular trumpet (tubing is the same length as a regular Bb trumpet but not wrapped), capable of playing specially composed fanfares. Its extra length can also accommodate a small ceremonial banner that can be mounted on it.